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Aggressive Assimilation
Facing the resilience of indigenous traditional education in Canada, Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald, who was also Minister of Indian Affairs, commissioned Nicholas Flood Davin, a journalist, lawyer, and politician, to go to Washington, DC, in 1879 to study how the United States tackled the same issue.
![Portrait of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1872_PrimeMinisterJohnAMacdonald_FH24268.png?h=0652d3a6&itok=OFUvbJgz)
The Lone Ranger
This image portrays the fictional Native American character, Tonto, in the 1930s radio show and 1970s television adaption, "The Lone Ranger."
![1950s film still from The Lone Ranger.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/LoneRanger_FH24271.jpg?h=c17ae58b&itok=H4AKnQtV)
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Residential school survivor Joe George of the Tselei-Waututh First Nation (right) and elder Marie George embrace at a proceeding of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2013.
![Two men hugging.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/61_TRC_Medium_res.jpg?h=5374600f&itok=iJaVO08f)
Kahnawà:ke Pow Wow
The Mohawk nation of Kahnawà:ke holds an annual pow wow on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River in Quebec each July. Pow wows are open to all and celebrate the traditional dances, songs, and crafts of Indigenous cultures.
![Two people from the Mohawk nation of Kahawake in traditional Mohawk dress.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/MohawkNationPowWow_FH24264.jpg?h=52ebdbec&itok=wMampUkR)
Métis Dancer
Métis dancer Jeanette Kotowich from the Cree Metis nation during a performance from the Coastal First Nations Dance Festival at the Museum of Anthropology in Vancouver.
![A woman in a blue dress with a colorful waist-sash is dancing for a group of children.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/MetisDancer_FH24265.jpg?h=33252b2e&itok=ON1y5HiC)
Historical Background: The Indian Act and the Indian Residential Schools
Go deeper into the history of the Indian Act and the founding of the Residential Schools system.
![image asset](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/SL_graphic2.png?h=6f837c7a&itok=poPaYPdW)
Introduction: Stolen Lives
Read a foreword by Theodore Fontaine and other introductory material that will help you begin exploring this book.
![Cover of "Stolen Lives: The Indigenous Peoples of Canada and the Indian Residential Schools."](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Genocide_StolenLivesBookCover_FH2173821.jpg?h=ea933802&itok=Ows2T6Lg)
Prime Minister Harper's Apology
As part of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established. Before its work got under way, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a public apology on June 11, 2008, on behalf of the Canadian government. The apology is part of the process arranged by the government and the First Nations as parties to the agreement, part of an overall attempt to address the government’s role in the history of the Indian Residential Schools.
![Graphic from cover of "Stolen Lives: The Indigenous Peoples of Canada and the Indian Residential Schools."](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/SL_graphic5.png?h=bc3345c8&itok=_uc8CaVR)
Cross Lake Indian Residential School
Although government funded, the residential schools were operated by churches, with clergymen and women serving most teaching and administrative roles. This photo was taken at Cross Lake Indian Residential School in Manitoba, 1940.
![A nun stands in the back of a classroom, and children are posed sitting at desks with their hands folded.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1940_CrossLakeIndianResidentialSchool_FH24275.jpg?h=a20ec326&itok=iaf787eD)
Fort Qu’Appelle Indian Industrial School
Tipis stand just outside the fence of Fort Qu’Appelle Indian Industrial School in 1895 in Lebret, Saskatchewan. The tipis likely belong to the First Nation families of children attending the school.
![A rural setting with teepees in the foreground and a group of buildings in the background.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1895_FortQu%E2%80%99Appelle_FH24269.jpg?h=4df085b2&itok=2BIES1v-)
Fort Resolution Indian Residential School
In the crowded and understaffed residential schools, the physical and domestic chores performed by students were critical to keeping the schools afloat. In this photo children are seen cutting logs at Fort Resolution Indian Residential School.
![A group of boys are cutting and handling logs in assembly line fashion.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Genocide_FortResolutionResidentialSchoolBoysworking_FH24274.jpg?h=7578e71c&itok=x8z4eOB-)