Between 1940 and 1941, American diplomat Hiram Bingham IV, stationed in Marseille, France, helped as many as 2,500 Jews escape Nazi persecution by defying United States policies and issuing hundreds of immigration papers.
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Reading
Holocaust
A Rescuer in Lithuania: Chiune Sugihara
Chiune (Sempo) Sugihara, a Japanese diplomat stationed in the Lithuanian prewar capital of Kaunas (Kovno) in the summer of 1940. In defiance of his superiors, Sugihara decided to provide transit visas to thousands of Jews who had escaped German persecution in Poland. Many of them used this opportunity to flee Europe into safety.
Reading
Holocaust
A Rescuer in Rhodes: Selahattin Ülkümen
Turkish ambassador to Rhodes, Selahattin Ülkümen used a tenuous alliance, knowledge of Turkish law, and his skill at negotiating to protect and ultimately rescue some of the Jews on this small island.
Reading
Justice & Human Rights
A Tea Party with a Theme: How Universal is Universal?
Learn about one of the challenges of writing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: defining common rights that represented all nations and cultures around the world.
Reading
Holocaust
A Test of Loyalty
Consider how two government employees in Nazi Germany chose to respond to the 1933 Civil Service Law, which suspended employment to Jews and others.
Reading
Holocaust
A Transport to Bergen-Belsen
Hanna Lévy-Hass, a Jewish woman from Yugoslavia, describes her treacherous journey between camps as Germany retreated from Eastern Europe.
Reading
Holocaust
A Tribute to Raoul Wallenberg by Palko Forgacz
Palko Forgacz presents this tribute in Budapest on June 26, 1946 at a public gathering to honor Raoul Wallenberg.
Reading
Holocaust
A Visitor’s Perspective on Kristallnacht
Consider a Swiss merchant’s account of how his German colleagues responded to the events of Kristallnacht (Spanish available).
Reading
Holocaust
A Wave of Discrimination
Review a list of anti-Jewish laws, policies, and decrees made in Nazi Germany in 1933.
Reading
Holocaust
A Yearning to Belong
Explore some of the organizations that sprang up in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s that gave their young members a sense of purpose and belonging.
Reading
Holocaust
Advice for German-Occupied Nations
This list of tips for “the occupied” distributed by a French citizen during World War II provides a window into what it was like to live in a Nazi-occupied country.
Reading
Holocaust
America and the Holocaust
Learn about Americans' attitudes of fear and distrust toward Jewish refugees from Europe.
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