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The Boxer Rebellion, and the repression of the Hundred Days’ Reform by Empress Dowager Cixi, ignited a more far-reaching, radical, and revolutionary approach to modernizing China. One prominent leader who emerged calling for revolution was Sun Yat-sen. Sun’s early years followed the path of many Chinese who escaped the country’s poverty and sought a better life by living abroad. In 1879, at the age of 13, Sun was sent by his father to live with his older brother, Sun Mei, in the Kingdom of Hawaii. Sun Mei was a successful rancher and entrepreneur, and Sun Yat-sen worked on his brother’s farms while receiving his first formal education at an Anglican missionary school called Lolani.

Read Lieutenant Said Ahmed Mukhtar al-Ba’aj’s description of his role in the deportation of Armenians and consider the nature of obedience and conformity.

Consider how the Armenian Genocide was made possible by the staggering brutality of World War I.

How do two nations who share a past of violence, war, and atrocities forge a new relationship? Some suggest a shared scholarship can advance the healing process. Others question whether the governments and peoples of affected nations are ever able to share a single narrative. 

Learn about how the Allies sought to bring German leaders to justice after World War II and the Holocaust.