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Three testimonies from survivors of the Nanjing Atrocities are included here. They are only three of many and each has been translated from Mandarin Chinese. All include memories of extreme acts of violence and trauma. Gender violence is prominent in each testimony and great care and sensitivity should be considered in any use with students.

Read a German woman's account of her decision to murder several Jews under Nazi orders while living in occupied Poland.

Learn about the Nazis’ job creation program during their first year in power, which pursued both reemployment and military rearmament.

Learn about the Nazis’ medical killing program that was responsible for the murder of mentally and physically disabled people during World War II.

Revolutionary writings and efforts by leaders such as Sun Yat-sen and Zou Rong played a key role in the end of Qing rule in China. By the early twentieth century, feudalism was on the verge of collapse. Years of humiliation and defeat at the hands of Western colonial powers and the Japanese, and a series of failed uprisings, set the stage for the end of the Qing dynasty. Two key events were seminal in this process.